Bulldog Obesity The Role of Community Support Groups

Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity

Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019; 21(5): 35.

Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity

,

^1,2,3

,

^1,4,5

,

¹

,

¹

,

¹

,

⁶

,

¹

,

¹

,

¹

,

¹

,

¹

,

^1,7

,

^1,7

,

^1,7

,

^1,7,8,9,10

,

^1,7,9,11,12

,

¹²

,

^1,5

,

^10,13,14

,

^1,5

,

^1,2,15

,

^1,7,16

,

^1,7,14

,

^9,17

,

^1,7,16

and

^1,7,9,14

Enrico G. Castillo

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

²Center for Social Medicine and Humanities, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

³Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles, CA USA

Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁴Division of Population Behavioral Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁵VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

Sonya Shadravan

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Elizabeth Moore

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Michael O. Mensah, III

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Mary Docherty

⁶Harkness Fellow in Healthcare Policy and Practice, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY USA

Maria Gabriela Aguilera Nunez

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Nicols Barcelo

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Nichole Goodsmith

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Laura E. Halpin

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Isabella Morton

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Joseph Mango

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Alanna E. Montero

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Sara Rahmanian Koushkaki

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Elizabeth Bromley

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁸UCLA Department of Anthropology, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁹Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA USA

¹⁰VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

Bowen Chung

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁹Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA USA

¹¹Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹²Healthy African American Families II, Los Angeles, CA USA

Felica Jones

¹²Healthy African American Families II, Los Angeles, CA USA

Sonya Gabrielian

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁵VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

Lillian Gelberg

¹⁰VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹³Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁴UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA USA

Jared M. Greenberg

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁵VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

Ippolytos Kalofonos

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

²Center for Social Medicine and Humanities, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁵UCLA International Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA

Sheryl H. Kataoka

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁶Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Jeanne Miranda

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁴UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA USA

Harold A. Pincus

⁹Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA USA

¹⁷Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, New York, NY USA

Bonnie T. Zima

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁶Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

Kenneth B. Wells

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁹Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA USA

¹⁴UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

²Center for Social Medicine and Humanities, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

³Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁴Division of Population Behavioral Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁵VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁶Harkness Fellow in Healthcare Policy and Practice, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY USA

⁷Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁸UCLA Department of Anthropology, Los Angeles, CA USA

⁹Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA USA

¹⁰VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹¹Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹²Healthy African American Families II, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹³Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁴UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁵UCLA International Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁶Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

¹⁷Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, New York, NY USA

Corresponding author.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Supplementary Materials

ESM 1: (DOCX 24kb)

GUID:AAB3E2AF-CC6B-4C8A-9764-A4E60E6BEAF7

ESM 1: (DOCX 104kb)

GUID:A4364285-1928-4150-AF03-B165E55A13FE

Abstract

Purpose of Review

We review recent community interventions to promote mental health and social equity. We define community interventions as those that involve multi-sector partnerships, emphasize community members as integral to the intervention, and/or deliver services in community settings. We examine literature in seven topic areas: collaborative care, early psychosis, school-based interventions, homelessness, criminal justice, global mental health, and mental health promotion/prevention. We adapt the social-ecological model for health promotion and provide a framework for understanding the actions of community interventions.

Recent Findings

There are recent examples of effective interventions in each topic area. The majority of interventions focus on individual, family/interpersonal, and program/institutional social-ecological levels, with few intervening on whole communities or involving multiple non-healthcare sectors. Findings from many studies reinforce the interplay among mental health, interpersonal relationships, and social determinants of health.

Summary

There is evidence for the effectiveness of community interventions for improving mental health and some social outcomes across social-ecological levels. Studies indicate the importance of ongoing resources and training to maintain long-term outcomes, explicit attention to ethics and processes to foster equitable partnerships, and policy reform to support sustainable healthcare-community collaborations.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s11920-019-1017-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Mental health (MeSH), Mental health intervention (MeSH), Community networks (MeSH), Social problems (MeSH), Community interventions (MeSH), Community-based interventions (MeSH), Social determinants of health, Mental health equity, Health disparities, Multi-sector interventions

Introduction

Families, workplaces, schools, social services, institutions, and communities are potential resources to support health. In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity [1]. Multi-sector and community-based mental healthcare approaches can help address health and social inequities by promoting social well-being and addressing structural determinants of mental health (public policies and other upstream forces that influence the social determinants of mental health).

A 2015 Cochrane review described three assumptions that underlie community interventions [2]. The first is an awareness of the multiple forces that exist at all social-ecological levels (i.e., individual, interpersonal, organizational/institutional, community, and policy) that facilitate or obstruct mental health [3]. The second is investment in community participation to provide resources and inform interventions, recognizing expertise outside of the healthcare system. The third is prioritization of community mental health and social outcomes.

This review focuses on recent developments in community interventions to promote mental health. We highlight major developments and trends, rather than providing a comprehensive systematic review. Our review defines community interventions as those that involve multi-sector partnerships, include community members (e.g., lay health workers) as part of the intervention, and/or involve the delivery of services in community settings (e.g., schools, homes). We include interventions focused on traditional mental health outcomes (e.g., depression remission) and studies that include a wider range of outcomes including mental health-related knowledge, quality of life, and social well-being. We do not include substance use interventions, which warrant a separate review.

To complete our review, we enlisted a large team of experts and trainees with experience in pertinent intervention areas. Our review focuses on interventions published in peer-reviewed medical journals from 2015 to 2018, with additional studies identified through reference mining and expert recommendations. We concentrate on seven topic areas, chosen for their salience and quality of evidence in recent literature: multi-sector collaborative care, early psychosis interventions, school-based interventions, homeless services, criminal justice, global mental health, and mental health promotion and secondary prevention. We selected studies for their design, outcomes, and/or impact (Appendix A). These were chosen from a larger number of relevant community interventions (Appendix B).

Multi-sector Collaborative Care

Collaborative care models in mental health have historical roots in the Chronic Care Model (CCM) of chronic disease management [4, 5]. The CCM envisioned a combination of health system reforms and community-based resources to support the ability of healthcare settings to improve outcomes for those with chronic illnesses [4]. Many collaborative care studies, often for depression, have focused on incorporating mental health services to varying degrees within primary care settings [610]. Adaptations exist for other target populations (e.g., children) and settings (e.g., obstetrics/gynecology practices, mental health clinics) [5, 1113]. Studies have noted the importance of community organizations and social services, particularly when inequities play a large role in determining outcomes and require services beyond the healthcare sector, for example for underresourced populations and natural disasters [5, 14, 15, 16, 17].

Community Partners in Care (CPIC) was a depression collaborative care study that involved 95 programs in five sectors: outpatient primary care, outpatient mental health, substance use treatment services, homeless services, and other community services (e.g., senior centers, churches) [18]. A 2015 Cochrane review identified CPIC as the only high-quality study that specifically evaluated the added value of a community engagement and planning intervention (i.e. a coalition-led intervention) over and above resource enhancement and community outreach [2] (page 32). CPIC was a group-level randomized study that compared two program-level quality improvement interventions: Community Engagement and Planning (CEP) and Resources for Services (RS). RS programs received a depression care toolkit with technical assistance and consultation to implement a community-wide approach to depression care. CEP programs received the same resources within a multi-sector coalition approach to co-leading, implementing, and monitoring multi-sector depression services (e.g., encouraging community programs to be active in psychoeducation and screening, with streamlined referrals to clinics and social services) [19]. CPICs community-partnered participatory research approach and development of community partnerships are described in detail in several articles [1924].

Unlike many collaborative care studies, CPIC focused on a predominantly under-resourced racial/ethnic minority sample (n=1018, 46% African American, 41% Latino, 74% with family incomes below federal poverty level) and had few exclusion criteria, enrolling many participants with co-morbid substance use disorders and serious mental illnesses in the study [25, 26]. At 6-month follow-up, participants in CEP (n=514) compared to RS (n=504) had significantly improved health-related quality of life, increased physical activity, reduced homelessness risk factors, and reduced behavioral health hospitalizations [18]. Sub-group analyses and follow-up studies at 12 and 36months support some significant beneficial effects of CEP over RS, with main effects seen predominantly during the first 6 months post-intervention and diminishing over time [25, 2734, 35].

Since CPIC, only a handful of collaborative care studies have included non-healthcare partners [3638, 39]. Hankerson et al. conducted depression screenings in three predominantly African American Christian mega churches (2000 worshippers per weekend) in New York City, using a community coalition approach, including faith-based organizations and local government [38]. Investigators screened 122 community members at 3 church events in 2012. Notably, 19.7% of those screened reported moderate depression (PHQ-910), in which the authors noted is higher than is seen in African American community samples. Moreover, none of the participants who screened positive requested community mental health referrals, even though these were offered, demonstrating the importance of churches as sites for depression screening, counseling (i.e., Mental Health First Aid), and referral [38, 39].

Early Intervention Services for Psychosis

There is a large and growing body of literature on coordinated specialty care programs for people with early psychosis, including the RAISE Early Treatment Program/NAVIGATE and OnTrackNY [4047, 48]. Germane to our community intervention focus, several early psychosis interventions summarized in a 2014 review by Nordentoft et al. adapted Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), an evidence-based service delivery model that emphasizes outreach-based services [48, 49].

Secher et al. published the 10-year follow-up results of the Danish OPUS trial, a two-site RCT of a 2-year ACT-based assertive early intervention [50]. Services were delivered by a multidisciplinary team (psychiatrist, psychologists, nurses, social workers, vocational therapist, physiotherapist, 10:1 patient-to-staff ratio) in patients homes, other community locations, or clinic, based on patients preferences. Intensive services at this early critical stage were hypothesized to yield lasting effects by teaching individuals the skills to best manage their psychotic illnesses. OPUS results at 2years showed significant positive outcomes compared to services as usual: decreased positive and negative psychotic symptoms, reduced substance use, improved treatment adherence, lower antipsychotic medication dosage, higher treatment satisfaction, and reduced family burden. At 10-year follow-up, however, most of these outcome differences had dissipated. Investigators conclude that longer duration of specialized assertive early intervention treatment, booster sessions, or the addition of an early detection program to reduce duration of untreated psychosis would aid the consolidation of early treatment gains.

An initiative by a London Early Intervention Service (EIS) sought to decrease duration of untreated psychosis and increase referrals from the community through early psychosis psychoeducational workshops with 36 community organizations (e.g., housing and social services, youth services, cultural and faith groups, police, colleges, employment agencies) [51]. EIS staff conducted 41 half-day workshops at community organizations; monthly follow-up meetings and an additional session were offered; EIS promotional materials were made available; and EIS referral processes were streamlined for community organizations, including a linkage worker as a community liaison. Although the majority of community staff were in contact with people experiencing early psychosis in the past year (59.4%) and attitudes toward EIS as a first referral destination improved (37% pre- to 68% post-workshop), the study results were negative. Comparing EIS referrals in the year pre-/post-interventions, there was no significant difference in duration of untreated psychosis (295 vs. 396days, p=0.715) and, contrary to expectations, referred patients experienced significantly more contacts with intermediate healthcare/non-healthcare programs in their pathway to EIS treatment (2.06 vs. 2.45 steps, p=0.002), reflecting a less streamlined referral process. In follow-up interviews, the authors note the barriers of mental health stigma, high community staff turnover, and resistance by EIS clinic staff to community-based work. Similar to CPIC, both of these studies suggest the importance of resources to sustain lasting change.

School-Based Interventions

Research shows that youth, especially under-resourced youth, are most likely to receive mental healthcare in schools, given barriers to obtaining community mental health services [52, 53]. School infrastructures also allow for large-scale implementation of prevention interventions [54]. Given the number of factors involved in delivering school interventions, however, experts urge consideration of policies, school culture and climate, and leadership structure when delivering interventions [55, 56]. Academic outcomes can be difficult for researchers to collect given the unique requirements of Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act and HIPAA [57]. Further, developing sustainable interventions in schools that are truly responsive to the needs of students may require years of building academic-community partnerships [58].

Skryabina et al. assessed educational outcomes in an RCT of a universal school-based cognitive behavioral therapy prevention program, called FRIENDS [59]. FRIENDS is a manualized program that teaches emotional regulation, anxiety management, and problem solving, led by trained school staff or other designated health leaders. Forty-one schools were randomized to three arms (n=1343): health-led FRIENDS, school-led FRIENDS, and a comparison group of Personal, Social, and Health Education (PSHE, emotional regulation, and self-awareness skills with less focus on anxiety management) which was provided by school staff. Health-led FRIENDS was more effective in decreasing social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and total Revised Childrens Anxiety and Depression Scale scores as compared to school-led FRIENDS and PSHE. There were no intervention effects on math, reading, or writing standardized assessment test scores.

Several studies implemented preventive interventions in the pre-kindergarten years. One such study evaluated developmental trajectories of youth, including behavioral, social, and learning measures over a 5-year period after receiving an enriched Head Start Curriculum [60]. This study is notable for its goal to address disparities and for the measures used to evaluate effects on development, which included social and learning behaviors and interpersonal relationships. In this RCT, 25 Head Start Centers were stratified and randomly assigned to receive usual Head Start vs. REDI intervention. REDI comprised dialogic reading, sound games, an interactive alphabet activity, and implementation of the Preschool Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies curriculum focused on social emotional skills, with added professional development for teachers. Outcomes were obtained for 325 children who were followed for 5years post-preschool. Children in the Head Start REDI intervention vs. control group were significantly more likely to follow optimal developmental trajectories in social behavior, aggressive-oppositional behavior, learning engagement, attention problems, student-teacher closeness, and peer rejection. This and other studies illustrate the importance of intervening at the levels of the classroom and whole school.

Homeless Services

Individuals experiencing homelessness are at increased risk for mental illness, trauma, suicide, and medical comorbidities, along with a reduced life expectancy compared with the general population [6164]. The recent focus on Housing First in community-based research on homelessness largely reflects an increasing embrace of that model [65]. Housing First is an approach to providing permanent housing without requirements for pre-placement sobriety or treatment participation [65]. Studies have demonstrated that Housing First yields quicker and more sustained housing retention compared to continuum housing approaches (transitional housing +/- sobriety or treatment requirements) [66].

In the Canadian At Home/Chez Moi study, a multi-city RCT of the Housing First model compared with usual care, Aubry et al. followed 950 homeless or precariously housed adults with serious mental illness [67]. The study found that participants in Housing First, compared with usual care, more quickly entered housing (within 73 vs. 220days), retained housing for longer durations (281 vs. 115days), and rated the quality of their housing more positively at 2-year follow-up. They also had significantly higher gains in community functioning and quality of life in the first year.

Several family-focused studies addressed homelessness. Nath examined the impact of drop-in homeless service centers for children in New Delhi, India [68]. They found that for every month of attendance at a drop-in center, children experienced 2.1% fewer ill health outcomes per month and used 4.6% fewer substances. Shinn et al. focused on social and mental health outcomes in children within newly homeless families with mental health or substance use disorders [69]. They compared usual care with a family-adapted critical time intervention, which combined housing and case management to connect families leaving shelters with community services. Youth in both groups exhibited reductions in psychosocial and mental health symptoms over time. Children ages 610 and 1116 receiving the intervention compared to usual care were less likely at 24-month follow-up to self-report school troubles (i.e., suspension, being sent to the principals office, and being sent home with a note). Other studies have begun to analogously assess homeless interventions for broader social outcomes, including community functioning, arrests, public and other service use (e.g., food banks, shelters, prison time), employment, and income [7074]. Future studies would benefit from expanded exploration of social outcomes that are important to individuals who have experienced homelessness.

Criminal Justice

Nearly 40% of jail and prison inmates self-report a history of mental illness, and this prevalence is higher among those with more arrests and time served in a correctional facility [75]. Community interventions in collaboration with the criminal justice system are well positioned to address health disparities experienced by justice-involved populations and the vulnerabilities to justice involvement experienced by those with mental illness in the community. The studies below collaborated with the justice system to alter institutional (e.g., police, court) processes for those with mental illness and/or addressed upstream social and structural recidivism risk factors [76].

In Monroe County, New York, adults with psychotic disorders charged with misdemeanors were conditionally released and randomized to usual treatment (n=35) or Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) (n=35) [77]. FACT employed high-fidelity ACT services with the following adaptations: a 6-h training in criminal justice collaboration for clinicians, screening for criminogenic risk factors among enrollees, weekly court appearances, and meetings to discuss barriers to success with the supervising judge, public defender, and district attorney. Over a year, FACT enrollees had significantly fewer convictions (0.40.7 vs 0.91.3, p=.023), days in jail (21.525.9 vs 43.559.2, p=.025), and more days in outpatient mental health treatment (305.592.1 versus 169.4139.6, p<.001) compared to treatment as usual.

A pilot study examined a social worker-administered decision-making intervention for police encountering people with mental illness [78]. During the study period, any police officer who ran a background check on a detained enrollee was notified of enrollee participation in the program and was given the option to call a linkage specialist, usually a social worker employed by a community mental health agency. Linkage specialists provided mental health history (e.g., treatment participation, medication history) and treatment referral options. While this feasibility study lacked statistical power, the authors suggest that these results show the promise of a cross-sector approach to reducing arrests in this population.

Other interventions addressed risk factors for justice involvement like lack of insurance, unemployment, emotional regulation, and academic achievement [7981, 82, 83]. Two quasi-experimental studies focused on healthcare access, examining the downstream service use and recidivism effects of expedited Medicaid enrollment for recent prison releasees with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in Washington State (n=3086) [79, 80]. Twelve months post-implementation, 81% of the expedited group and 43% of the services as usual group were enrolled in Medicaid, (p<.01). Community mental health (69% vs. 37%, p<.01), outpatient primary care (64% vs. 42%, p<.01), and emergency room use (55% vs. 35%, p<.01) significantly increased in the intervention group compared to services as usual. Unexpectedly, there was a significantly greater proportion of those in the intervention versus comparison group that spent any days in jail (43 vs. 34%, p<.01) and state prison (56% vs. 46%, p<.01), with no significant difference in the proportion with any arrests (59% vs. 54%) at follow-up. The investigators suggest that while healthcare access is an important determinant for mental health, future interventions and policies must intentionally address the larger ecosystem of social/structural determinants of criminal justice involvement.

Global Mental Health

Global mental health is an area for study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide [84] (pg. 1995). We reviewed community interventions in international settings, acknowledging the shared social, structural, and mental health challenges that exist across nations. Many of the reviewed studies involve lay health worker (LHW) interventions [85, 8690]. Barnett et al. in their 2018 review of LHW interventions describe that LHWs elevate demand for services by increasing awareness of services and mental health literacy and by reducing stigma and barriers to care [85]. Further, LHW interventions increase the supply of services in under-resourced areas by enlarging the workforce of culturally appropriate providers.

In 2017, Patel et al. published the first trial of a psychological intervention in primary care delivered by LHWs for moderate/severe depression in a low/middle income country [91]. In that RCT, 495 participants in Goa, India, were assigned to the Healthy Activity Program (HAP) plus Enhanced Usual Care (EUC) intervention or EUC alone (usual care plus depression screenings and guideline-based primary care treatment of depression). In order to deliver the HAP (68 sessions on principles of behavioral activation), counselors received a 3-week training and 6-month internship under supervision of local mental health workers, who were trained by an expert on behavioral activation. At 3months, HAP participants demonstrated significantly reduced depression symptom severity, suicidal ideation, disability, days out of work, and intimate partner violence and significantly higher rates of depression remission and improved behavioral activation compared to the EUC group.

A study in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, was the first to examine the effectiveness of a child abuse prevention program for adolescents in a low/middle income country [92]. Most of the participating adolescents and caregivers (n=115 dyads) from six under-resourced rural and peri-urban communities were referred to the study by non-governmental organizations, schools, clinics, chieftans, and social workers based on a history of family conflicts. Sixty percent of adolescent participants at baseline had either an HIV-positive caregiver or were orphaned by AIDS, 63% experienced pre-intervention child abuse, and 50% of caregivers at baseline endorsed intimate partner violence. Participants completed a 12-week parenting program delivered by local childcare workers. The study yielded significant improvements in social outcomes: reduced child abuse (63.0% to 29.5%, p<.001), reduced adolescent delinquency/aggressive behavior, reduced witnessed violence by adolescents, improved positive and involved parenting (adolescent and caregiver self-report), and improved social support (adolescent and caregiver self-report). The study also demonstrated significantly improved mental health outcomes, specifically decreased caregiver substance use, reduced adolescent and caregiver depression, and reduced parenting stress. These findings illustrate the interplay among social determinants, family dynamics, and caregiver-adolescent mental health.

Multiple recent studies consider the effects of war and broad structural forces on mental health [8789, 93]. Cilliers et al. assessed the individual and community mental and social well-being outcomes associated with truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) in 200 Sierra Leone villages [94]. TRCs are community forums created to uncover wrongdoing by governments or other actors in the aftermath of major conflicts. The authors measured societal healing indicators, including forgiveness of perpetrators, trust, strength of social network, and community engagement, and individual healing indicators: PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms (n=2383). They found that TRCs yielded improvements in societal healing, but worsened individuals health (worsened psychological health, depression, anxiety, and PTSD). The authors suggest policy implications such as integrated counseling in TRCs, reducing delays in holding TRCs after war, and exploring alternative post-conflict unification methods.

Mental Health Promotion and Prevention

Communities That Care (CTC) is a community-level prevention planning and implementation system with primary foci on preventing youth (school grades 69) substance use, violence, and delinquency and secondary foci on depression, suicide, and other mental health outcomes. The CTC system involves five phases: identification of community stakeholders, formation of a community coalition, development of a community profile to identify risk and protective factors related to youth health and behavior problems, creation of a community action plan, and implementation and evaluation [95]. Communities implement evidence-based programs from the Building Healthy Youth Development registry, maintained by the University of Colorado Boulders Center for the Study of Prevention and Violence [96]. The Community Youth Development Study was a community-randomized study of CTC involving 24 communities (n>14,000) in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington State [9799]. CTC has also been implemented in Pennsylvania and rural Massachusetts [100102]. In CTC versus control communities, results showed improved individual outcomes at eighth grade: reduced substance use, delinquency, and violence; later initiation of alcohol use, tobacco use, and delinquency; and lower prevalence of risky behaviors (past-year delinquency, past 2-week delinquency, and past-month alcohol and tobacco use) [103]. Many of these results persisted to grades 1012, despite few CTC programs focused on these grade levels. Fewer results (greater lifetime abstinence from antisocial behavior; greater lifetime abstinence from drug use and violence in male but not female participants) persisted to age 19 [103, 104].

CTC investigators recently published follow-up results for participants at age 21 (n=4002, 91% of the initial sample from grades 56), 11years after initial CTC implementation [103]. By age 21, CTC vs. control communities showed increased likelihood of lifetime abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use (ARR 1.49; 95% CI 1.03, 2.16), increased abstinence from antisocial behavior (ARR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02, 1.37), and decreased lifetime incidence of violence (ARR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79, 0.99). In male participants, CTC versus control communities also showed increased likelihood of sustained abstinence from tobacco, marijuana, and inhalant use.

Social protection studies investigate mental health and other outcomes associated with direct provision of resources in the forms of cash and food transfers [105, 106, 107, 108, 109]. A neighborhood cluster RCT in Ecuador investigated the effects of such resources on mental well-being and intimate partner violence [106, 109]. Colombian refugees and low-income households in northern Ecuador were randomized to cash, food vouchers, food, or control arms. Treatment arms received the equivalent of $40 per month per household for 6months, which represents 11% of pre-transfer monthly consumption. Food vouchers were redeemable at local supermarkets for a pre-approved list of nutritious foods. Food transfers were in the form of rice, lentils, vegetable oil, and canned sardines. Pooled results from all treatment arms showed the intervention significantly decreased the probability of controlling behaviors and physical and/or sexual violence by 6 to 7 percentage points compared to controls, with even greater reductions in the prevalence of any physical/sexual violence for women with low baseline ratings of household decision-making power [106]. Qualitative interviews with participants indicated that improved family well-being, reduced marital stress and conflict, and womens increased freedom of movement and decision-making power contributed to the decrease in violence. Similar studies include a large cluster RCT of cash transfers in Kenyas program for at-risk youth and a cluster RCT of greening urban vacant land; both showed significant improvements in depression outcomes compared to control communities. These studies highlight the importance of addressing social inequities to achieve mental health gains in under-resourced communities [107, 110].

Discussion

Actions of Community Interventions by Social-Ecological Level

The community interventions above (Appendix A), drawn from a larger selection (Appendix B), highlight the successes and promise of these interventions to promote mental health and broader outcomes at all social-ecological levels: individual, interpersonal/family, organizational/institutional, community, and policy [3]. Community involvement is represented in varied ways in the form of individuals (lay health workers), settings (churches, schools), leaders (community-based participatory research), and multi-sector coalitions [35, 37, 38, 39, 85, 8690, 91, 103]. Many studies examined the interplay among mental health services, social and structural determinants, and mental health outcomes. Some explicitly assessed social outcomes like intimate partner violence, housing retention, academic performance, parent-child interactions, societal healing, and other contributors to mental and social well-being [67, 92, 94, 111].

Figure summarizes the actions of community interventions by social-ecological level to promote mental health and social well-being. We found that most interventions reviewed promoted mental health at the individual level. LHW interventions extend access and increase acceptability of mental health services by leveraging trusted relationships. For example, Patel et al. demonstrated the successful delivery of behavioral activation for depression by LHWs through relatively brief training to a population with significant barriers to healthcare access [91]. Some studies adapted evidence-based models (e.g., Forensic Assertive Community Treatment) to deliver treatments in non-traditional locations, such as jails, churches, and senior centers [77]. Many individual-level interventions also simultaneously acted at the organizational/institutional level. In the successful RCT of Head Start REDI, teachers were provided with professional development and mentoring to deliver an enriched curriculum [60].

Overview of community intervention processes by social-ecological level (adapted from McElroy, KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15:351377)

A second group of interventions intervened at the interpersonal level (e.g., parent and family interventions). The effective child abuse prevention program in South Africa focused on the parent-child dyad through individual and joint sessions [92]. Additionally, a strength of this intervention was its delivery by local child care workers. A third group of interventions functioned at the organizational/institutional level by enhancing the processes by which non-healthcare programs serve those with mental illness. These interventions enlisted non-healthcare entities and trusted community leaders to be active in mental healthcare, such as providing a depression screening intervention in churches [38, 39]. Several successful school-based interventions operated at the organizational level, such as Warschburger and Zitzmanns universal school-based prevention program for eating disorders in Germany and other whole school approaches [111, 112].

We found only a small number of studies that intervened at the level of whole communities. Most interventions reviewed here included one non-healthcare sector collaborator as opposed to collaborating with communities more broadly. Examples of community-level interventions include CPIC, which involved 95 organizations in 5 sectors to develop community-wide plans for managing depression, and CTC that supports communities to develop multi-sector coalitions to prevent youth substance use, violence, and delinquency [35, 103]. Other studies acted at the community level by directly providing or influencing resources on a large scale, through cash/food transfers or land revitalization efforts [94, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110].

A fifth group of interventions are health and public policies. Policies that promote mental health equity are beyond the scope of this review but are detailed in our recent review on this topic [113]. Policies as varied as mental health insurance parity, assisted outpatient treatment statutes, quality metrics for social determinants of health, value-based payment reforms, and the integration of funds and services for health and social care have the potential to improve access to treatment and improve outcomes [114117, 118, 119121]. Policies facilitating multi-sector health collaborations include the Accountable Health Communities model, Californias Whole Person Care pilots, the Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics Demonstration Program, New Yorks Home and Community-based Services, the UKs Social Impact Bonds Trailblazers, and the National Health Service Englands social prescribing teams [122127]. Nation-level efforts to promote shared values for mental and social well-being are Australias mental health anti-stigma campaign, the US National Prevention Strategys focus on emotional well-being, and the UKs Campaign to End Loneliness [128130]. Thrive NYC is an example of large-scale action to promote mental health at the civic level, with a budget of $850 million and 54 initiatives across all public agencies and departments, with special emphases on community partnerships and prevention [131, 132].

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are of importance to many community interventions given the focus on marginalized and under-resourced populations [24, 133]. Research on interventions for at-risk individuals with stigmatized conditions (e.g., incarceration, homelessness) should build trust with participants and recognize structural forces that place them at higher risk for these conditions (e.g., discriminatory policing and housing policies), to avoid inadvertently worsening stigma. Involving community stakeholders in equitable arrangements for interventions and research requires the necessary time and processes to develop effective partnerships. The expertise of community leaders and other stakeholders can be integrated equitably with that of researchers with trust, respect, and two-way knowledge exchange [134, 135]. Community-based organizations, social services, and healthcare agencies also have different funding streams and incentives. Efforts to sustain interventions should include a focus on funding and other enabling infrastructures (e.g., training, technology) for community groups to participate in intervention-related activities.

Conclusions

There is evidence for the effectiveness of community interventions in multiple topic areas and acting at all social-ecological levels. International lay health worker interventions, a parenting intervention to reduce child abuse, a whole-school cognitive behavioral therapy prevention program, adapted ACT teams for early psychosis and justice-involved populations, Housing First services, and multi-sector collaborative care and prevention services are examples of effective community interventions. Studies indicate the importance of ongoing resources and training to maintain long-term outcomes and the need for policy reform to support healthcare-community partnerships. Future research should further define best practices for multi-sector collaborations and partnership structures, identify strategies for sustainable change after the end of research activities, and clarify the types of health and social problems that are best ameliorated through community interventions [2]. In close and equitable partnerships with communities and policy leaders, future community interventions in mental health should seek to improve health and achieve large-scale social outcomes through initiatives that address mental health, structural, and social inequities.

Electronic supplementary material

Notes

Grant Support

Grant Support By the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (award R01MD00721), the Patient-centered Outcomes Research Institute (award 1501-26518), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (award K12DA000357). The content and views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the US Department of Veterans Affairs the National Institutes of Health or the United States Government.

Conflict of Interest

Enrico G. Castillo is employed by UCLA and Los Angeles Department of Mental Health and reports grants pending from UCLA CTSI and School of Medicine Seed Grant Program. Dr. Castillo has received travel reimbursement from the American Psychiatric Association.

Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi is employed by the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and receives funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K12DA000357.

Nicols Barcelo reports a Minority Fellowship Award from the APA/SAMHSA.

Joseph Mango reports a grant from the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD).

Alanna E. Montero reports grants pending from the NIMHD.

Sara Rahmanian Koushkaki reports a grant from the NIMHD.

Bowen Chung is a consultant for the Center for Law and Social Policy and on the advisory board for a Medicaid mental health project. Dr. Chung is a full-time employee of County of Los Angeles Department of Mental Health. Dr. Chung reports a grant pending from NIHMH R01 and a grant from PCORI (Award No. 1501-26518) and has received payment for technical assistance training from Baton Rouge Area Foundation and Maimonides Medical Center (contract to RAND Corporation for CIPIC implementation). Dr. Chung has received travel reimbursement from the City of New York Mayors Office and PCORI.

Jeanne Miranda reports honoraria from Annapolis Coalition and Baymark Health Services and is employed by UCLA Psychiatry. Dr. Miranda reports grants from NIH/NIMH, SAMHSA, NIMH, NIMHD, and PCORI.

Bonnie T. Zima is employed by UCLA and reports grants from Illinois Childrens Healthcare Foundation, PCORI, SAMHSA, California DHCS, and MHSOAC.

Kenneth B. Wells reports a grant from the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) and potential dissemination grants related to effective community interventions.

Sonya Shadravan, Michael O. Mensah, III, Mary Docherty, Maria Gabriela Aguilera Nunez, Nichole Goodsmith, Isabella Morton, Elizabeth Bromley, Felica Jones, Sonya Gabrielian, Lillian Gelberg, Jared M. Greenberg, Ippolytos Kalofonos, Sheryl H. Kataoka, and Harold A. Pincus each declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Footnotes

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Public Policy and Public Health

Publishers Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: Of importance Of major importance

1. World Health Organization. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization, as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 1922 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. WHO, Geneva. 1948.

2.

Anderson LM, Adeney KL, Shinn C, Safranek S, Buckner-Brown J, Krause LK. Community coalition-driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD009905. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3.

McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15:351377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4.

Wagner EH. Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness. Eff Clin Pract. 1998;1(1):24. [PubMed]

5.

Katon W, Unutzer J, Wells KB, Jones L. Collaborative depression care: history, evolution and ways to enhance dissemination and sustainability. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:456464. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6.

Katon W. Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines. JAMA. 1995;273:10261031. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7.

Untzer J, Rubenstein L, Katon WJ, Tang L, Duan N, Lagomasino IT, Wells KB. Two-year effects of quality improvement programs on medication Management for Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:935942. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8.

Gilbody S, Bower P, Fletcher J, Richards D, Sutton AJ. Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:23142321. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9.

Chapman E, Chung H, Pincus HA. Using a continuum-based framework for behavioral health integration into primary Care in new York State. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:756758. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10.

Goodrich DE, Kilbourne AM, Nord KM, Bauer MS. Mental health collaborative care and its role in primary care settings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15:383. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11.

Druss BG, von Esenwein SA, Compton MT, Rask KJ, Zhao L, Parker RM. The primary care access referral, and evaluation (PCARE) study: a randomized trial of medical Care Management for Community Mental Health Settings. Am J Psychiatr. 2010;167:151159. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12.

Deborah M, Scharf NKE, Hackbarth NS, Horvitz-Lennon M, Beckman R, Han B, Lovejoy SL, Pincus HA, Burnam MA. Evaluation of the SAMHSA primary and behavioral health care integration (PBHCI) Grant program. Rand Health Q. 2014;4:6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13.

Henry Chung, Rostanski N, Glassberg H, Pincus HA. Advancing Integration of Behavioral Health into Primary Care: A Continuum-Based Framework. United Hospital Fund and Montefiore Health System. 2016. https://uhfnyc.org/assets/1476. Accessed on December 1, 2018.

14.

Springgate BF, Wennerstrom A, Meyers D, Allen CE, III, Vannoy SD, et al. Building community resilience through mental health infrastructure and training in post-Katrina new Orleans. Ethnicity disease. 2011;21:S1. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15.

Springgate BF, Arevian AC, Wennerstrom A, Johnson AJ, Eisenman DP, Sugarman OK, Haywood CG, Trapido EJ, Sherbourne CD, Everett A, McCreary M, Meyers D, Kataoka S, Tang L, Sato J, Wells KB. Community resilience learning collaborative and research network (C-LEARN): study protocol with participatory planning for a randomized, comparative effectiveness trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:1683. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16.

Wells KB, Tang J, Lizaola E, Jones F, Brown A, Stayton A, Williams M, Chandra A, Eisenman D, Fogleman S, Plough A. Applying community engagement to disaster planning: developing the vision and design for the Los Angeles County community disaster resilience initiative. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:11721180. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17.

Druss BG, Goldman HH. Integrating Health and Mental Health Services: A Past and Future History. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 appiajp201818020169. Excellent review on the history of collaborative care, incorporating recent legislative developments around the Affordable Care Act. [PubMed]

18.

Wells KB, Jones L, Chung B, Dixon EL, Tang L, Gilmore J, Sherbourne C, Ngo VK, Ong MK, Stockdale S, Ramos E, Belin TR, Miranda J. Community-partnered cluster-randomized comparative effectiveness trial of community engagement and planning or resources for services to address depression disparities. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:12681278. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19.

Khodyakov D, Sharif MZ, Dixon EL, Mendel P, Chung B, Linkski B, Jones JB. An implementation evaluation of the community engagement and planning intervention in the CPIC depression care improvement trial. Community Ment Health J. 2014;50:312324. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20.

Chung B, Jones L, Dixon EL, Miranda J, Wells KB. Community Partners in Care Steering Council. Using a community partnered participatory research approach to implement a randomized controlled trial: planning community partners in care. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21:780795. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21.

Chung B, Ngo VK, Ong MK, Pulido E, Jones F, Gilmore J, Stoker-Mtume N, Johnson M, Tang L, Wells KB, Sherbourne C, Miranda J. Participation in training for depression care quality improvement: a randomized trial of community engagement or technical support. Psychiatr Serv. 2015;66:831839. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22.

Landry CM, Jackson AP, Tang L, Miranda J, Chung B, Jones F, Ong MK, Wells K. The effects of collaborative care training on case managers perceived depression-related services delivery. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:123130. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23.

Stockdale SE, Tang L, Pudilo E, Lucas-Wright A, Chung B et al. Sampling and Recruiting Community-Based Programs Using Community-Partnered Participation Research. 2016;17:254264. [PubMed]

25.

Castillo EG, Shaner R, Tang L, Chung B, Jones F, Whittington Y, Miranda J, Wells KB. Improving depression Care for Adults with Serious Mental Illness in Underresourced areas: community coalitions versus technical support. Psychiatr Serv. 2018;69:195203. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26.

Miranda J, Ong MK, Jones L, Chung B, Dixon EL, Tang L, Gilmore J, Sherbourne C, Ngo VK, Stockdale S, Ramos E, Belin TR, Wells KB. Community-partnered evaluation of depression services for clients of community-based agencies in under-resourced communities in Los Angeles. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:12791287. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27.

Lam CA, Sherbourne C, Tang L, Belin TR, Williams P, Young-Brinn A, Miranda J, Wells KB. The impact of community engagement on health, social, and utilization outcomes in depressed, impoverished populations: secondary findings from a randomized trial. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29:325338. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28.

Choi KR, Sherbourne C, Tang L, Castillo E, Dixon E et al. A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Depression Collaborative Care: Subanalysis of Comorbid Anxiety. West J Nurs Res. 2018;2018193945918800333. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

29.

Izquierdo A, Ong M, Pulido E, Wells KB, Berkman M, Linski B, Sauer V, Miranda J. Community Partners in Care: 6- and 12-month outcomes of community engagement versus technical assistance to implement depression collaborative care among depressed older adults. Ethn Dis. 2018;28:339348. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30.

Springgate B, Tang L, Ong M, Aoki W, Chung B, Dixon E, Johnson MD, Jones F, Landry C, Lizaola E, Mtume N, Ngo VK, Pulido E, Sherbourne C, Wright AL, Whittington Y, Williams P, Zhang L, Miranda J, Belin T, Gilmore J, Jones L, Wells KB. Comparative effectiveness of coalitions versus technical assistance for depression quality improvement in persons with multiple chronic conditions. Ethn Dis. 2018;28:325338. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31.

Sherbourne CD, Aoki W, Belin TR, Bromley E, Chung B, Dixon E, Gilmore JM, Johnson MD, Jones F, Koegel P, Khodyakov D, Landry CM, Lizaola E, Mtume N, Ngo VK, Ong MK, Perlman J, Pulido E, Sauer V, Tang L, Whittington Y, Vidaurri E, Williams P, Lucas-Wright A, Zhang L, Miranda J, Jones L, Wells K. Comparative effectiveness of two models of depression services quality improvement in health and community sectors. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:13151320. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32.

Mehta P, Brown A, Chung B, Jones F, Tang L, Gilmore J, Miranda J, Wells K. Community Partners in Care: 6-month outcomes of two quality improvement depression care interventions in male participants. Ethn Dis. 2017;27:223232. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33.

Ngo VK, Sherbourne C, Chung B, Tang L, Wright AL, Whittington Y, Wells K, Miranda J. Community engagement compared with technical assistance to disseminate depression care among low-income, minority women: a randomized controlled effectiveness study. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:18331841. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34.

Chung B, Ong M, Ettner SL, Jones F, Gilmore J, McCreary M, Sherbourne C, Ngo V, Koegel P, Tang L, Dixon E, Miranda J, Belin TR, Wells KB. 12-month outcomes of community engagement versus technical assistance to implement depression collaborative care: a partnered, cluster, randomized, comparative-effectiveness trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:S23S34. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35.

Ong MK, Jones L, Aoki W, Belin TR, Bromley E, Chung B, Dixon E, Johnson MD, Jones F, Koegel P, Khodyakov D, Landry CM, Lizaola E, Mtume N, Ngo VK, Perlman J, Pulido E, Sauer V, Sherbourne CD, Tang L, Vidaurri E, Whittington Y, Williams P, Lucas-Wright A, Zhang L, Southard M, Miranda J, Wells K. A community-partnered, participatory, cluster-randomized study of depression care quality improvement: three-year outcomes. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:12621270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36.

Henderson JL, Cheung A, Cleverley K, Chaim G, Moretti ME, de Oliveira C, Hawke LD, Willan AR, O'Brien D, Heffernan O, Herzog T, Courey L, McDonald H, Grant E, Szatmari P. Integrated collaborative care teams to enhance service delivery to youth with mental health and substance use challenges: protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e014080. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37.

Grote NK, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Lohr MJ, Curran M, Galvin E, Carson K. Collaborative care for perinatal depression in socioeconomically disadvantaged women: a randomized trial. Depression and Anxiety. 2015;32:821834. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38.

Hankerson SH, Lee YA, Brawley DK, Braswell K, Wickramaratne PJ, Weissman MM. Screening for depression in African-American churches. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49:526533. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39.

Hankerson SH, Wells K, Sullivan MA, Johnson J, Smith L, Crayton L'S, Miller-Sethi F, Brooks C(T), Rule A, Ahmad-Llewellyn J, Rhem D, Porter X, Croskey R, Simpson E, Butler C, Roberts S, James A, Jones L. Partnering with African American churches to create a Community Coalition for Mental Health. Ethn Dis. 2018;28:467474. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40.

Bello I, Lee R, Malinovsky I, Watkins L, Nossel I, Smith T, Ngo H, Birnbaum M, Marino L, Sederer LI, Radigan M, Gu G, Essock S, Dixon LB. OnTrackNY: the development of a coordinated specialty care program for individuals experiencing early psychosis. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:318320. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41.

Cather C, Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Babbin SF, Rosenheck R, Correll CU, Kalos-Meyer P. Impact of comprehensive treatment for first episode psychosis on substance use outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2018;268:303311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42.

Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Correll CU, Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Rosenheck RA, Addington J, Estroff SE, Robinson J, Penn DL, Robinson DG. The RAISE early treatment program for first-episode psychosis: background, rationale, and study design. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:240246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43.

Kane JM, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Mueser KT, Penn DL, Rosenheck RA, Addington J, Brunette MF, Correll CU, Estroff SE, Marcy P, Robinson J, Meyer-Kalos PS, Gottlieb JD, Glynn SM, Lynde DW, Pipes R, Kurian BT, Miller AL, Azrin ST, Goldstein AB, Severe JB, Lin H, Sint KJ, John M, Heinssen RK. Comprehensive versus usual Community Care for First-Episode Psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:362372. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44.

Mueser KT, Meyer-Kalos PS, Glynn SM, Lynde DW, Robinson DG et al. Implementation and fidelity assessment of the NAVIGATE treatment program for first episode psychosis in a multi-site study. Schizophr Res. 2018. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

45.

Nossel I, Wall MM, Scodes J, Marino LA, Zilkha S, Bello I, Malinovsky I, Lee R, Radigan M, Smith TE, Sederer L, Gu G, Dixon L. Results of a coordinated specialty care program for early psychosis and predictors of outcomes. Psychiatr Serv. 2018;69:863870. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46.

Hann MC, Caporaso E, Loeffler G, Cuellar A, Herrington L et al. Early interventions in a US military first episode psychosis program. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018. [PubMed]

47.

Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, Craig TJ, Nordentoft M, Srihari VH, Guloksuz S, Hui CLM, Chen EYH, Valencia M, Juarez F, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Rosenheck RA, Marcy P, Addington J, Estroff SE, Robinson J, Penn D, Severe JB, Kane JM. Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:555565. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48.

Nordentoft M, Rasmussen JO, Melau M, Hjorthj CR, Thorup AA. How successful are first episode programs? A review of the evidence for specialized assertive early intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27:167172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49.

Bond GR, Drake RE, Mueser KT, Latimer E. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental illness. Disease Management and Health Outcomes. 2001;9:141159. [Google Scholar]

50.

Secher RG, Hjorthj CR, Austin SF, Thorup A, Jeppesen P, et al. Ten-year follow-up of the OPUS specialized early intervention trial for patients with a first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2014;41:617626. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51.

Lloyd-Evans B, Sweeney A, Hinton M, Morant N, Pilling S, Leibowitz J, Killaspy H, Tanskanen S, Totman J, Armstrong J, Johnson S. Evaluation of a community awareness programme to reduce delays in referrals to early intervention services and enhance early detection of psychosis. BMC psychiatry. 2015;15:98. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52.

Costello EJ, He JP, Sampson NA, Kessler RC, Merikangas KR. Services for adolescents with psychiatric disorders: 12-month data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65:359366. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53.

Pumariega AJ, Rogers K, Rothe E. Culturally competent systems of care for childrens mental health: advances and challenges. Community Ment Health J. 2005;41:539555. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54.

Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, Taylor RD, Schellinger KB. The impact of enhancing students social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Dev. 2011;82:405432. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55.

Domitrovich CE, Bradshaw CP, Poduska JM, Hoagwood K, Buckley JA, Olin S, Romanelli LH, Leaf PJ, Greenberg MT, Ialongo NS. Maximizing the implementation quality of evidence-based preventive interventions in schools: a conceptual framework. Adv Sch Ment Health Promot. 2008;1:628. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56.

Hoagwood K, Johnson J. School psychology: a public health framework. J Sch Psychol. 2003;41:321. [Google Scholar]

57.

Lai K, Guo S, Ijadi-Maghsoodi R, Puffer M, Kataoka SH. Bringing wellness to schools: opportunities for and challenges to mental health integration in school-based health centers. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67:13281333. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58.

Stein BD, Kataoka S, Jaycox LH, Wong M, Fink A, Escudero P, Zaragoza C. Theoretical basis and program design of a school-based mental health intervention for traumatized immigrant children: a collaborative research partnership. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2002;29:318326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59.

Skryabina E, Taylor G, Stallard P. Effect of a universal anxiety prevention programme (FRIENDS) on childrens academic performance: results from a randomised controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57:12971307. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60.

Nix RL, Bierman KL, Heinrichs BS, Gest SD, Welsh JA, Domitrovich CE. The randomized controlled trial of head start REDI: sustained effects on developmental trajectories of socialemotional functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84:310322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61.

Desai RA, Liu-Mares W, Dausey DJ, Rosenheck RA. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of homeless people with mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003;191:365371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62.

Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J. The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e225. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63.

Nusselder WJ, Slockers MT, Krol L, Slockers CT, Looman CW, van Beeck EF. Mortality and life expectancy in homeless men and women in Rotterdam: 2001-2010. PLoS One. 2013;8:e73979. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64.

Baggett TP, Hwang SW, OConnell JJ, Porneala BC, Stringfellow EJ, Orav EJ, Singer DE, Rigotti NA. Mortality among homeless adults in Boston: shifts in causes of death over a 15-year period. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:189195. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . Permanent supportive housing: evaluating the evidence for improving health outcomes among people experiencing chronic homelessness. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2018. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66.

Tsemberis S, Gulcur L, Nakae M. Housing first, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:651656. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67.

Aubry T, Goering P, Veldhuizen S, Adair CE, Bourque J, et al. A multiple-city RCT of housing first with assertive community treatment for homeless Canadians with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2015;67:275281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68.

Nath R. The Impact of Drop-In Centres on the Health of Street Children in New Delhi, India [dissertation]. 2016. [PubMed]

69.

Shinn M, Samuels J, Fischer SN, Thompkins A, Fowler PJ. Longitudinal impact of a family critical time intervention on children in high-risk families experiencing homelessness: a randomized trial. Am J Community Psychol. 2015;56:205216. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70.

Urbanoski K, Veldhuizen S, Krausz M, Schutz C, Somers JM, Kirst M, Fleury MJ, Stergiopoulos V, Patterson M, Strehlau V, Goering P. Effects of comorbid substance use disorders on outcomes in a housing first intervention for homeless people with mental illness. Addiction. 2018;113:137145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71.

Stergiopoulos V, Gozdzik A, Misir V, Skosireva A, Sarang A, Connelly J, Whisler A, McKenzie K. The effectiveness of a housing first adaptation for ethnic minority groups: findings of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1110. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72.

OCampo P, Stergiopoulos V, Nir P, Levy M, Misir V, et al. How did a housing first intervention improve health and social outcomes among homeless adults with mental illness in Toronto? Two-year outcomes from a randomised trial. BMJ open. 2016;6:e010581. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73.

Kerman N, Sylvestre J, Aubry T, Distasio J. The effects of housing stability on service use among homeless adults with mental illness in a randomized controlled trial of housing first. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:190. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74.

Poremski D, Stergiopoulos V, Braithwaite E, Distasio J, Nisenbaum R, Latimer E. Effects of housing first on employment and income of homeless individuals: results of a randomized trial. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67:603609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75.

Bronson J, Berzofsky M. Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners and jail inmates, 20112012, 117. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2017. [Google Scholar]

76.

Prins SJ, Skeem JL, Mauro C, Link BG. Criminogenic factors, psychotic symptoms, and incident arrests among people with serious mental illnesses under intensive outpatient treatment. Law Hum Behav. 2015;39:177188. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77.

Lamberti JS, Weisman RL, Cerulli C, Williams GC, Jacobowitz DB, Mueser KT, Marks PD, Strawderman RL, Harrington D, Lamberti TA, Caine ED. A randomized controlled trial of the Rochester forensic assertive community treatment model. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:10161024. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78.

Compton MT, Anderson S, Broussard B, Ellis S, Halpern B, Pauselli L, O'Neal M, Druss BG, Johnson M. A potential new form of jail diversion and reconnection to mental health services: II. Demonstration of feasibility. Behav Sci Law. 2017;35:492500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79.

Grabert BK, Gertner AK, Domino ME, Cuddeback GS, Morrissey JP. Expedited Medicaid enrollment, service use, and recidivism at 36 months among released prisoners with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:10791082. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80.

Morrissey JP, Domino ME, Cuddeback GS. Expedited Medicaid enrollment, mental health service use, and criminal recidivism among released prisoners with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67:842849. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81.

Ellison ML, Klodnick VV, Bond GR, Krzos IM, Kaiser SM, Fagan MA, Davis M. Adapting supported employment for emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2015;42:206222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82.

Kendall AD, Emerson EM, Hartmann WE, Zinbarg RE, Donenberg GR. A two-week psychosocial intervention reduces future aggression and incarceration in clinically aggressive juvenile offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56:10531061. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83.

Sorensen LC, Dodge KA. Conduct problems prevention research group. How does the fast track intervention prevent adverse outcomes in young adulthood? Child Dev. 2016;87:429445. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84.

Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN. Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet. 2009;373:19931995. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85.

Barnett ML, Lau AS, Miranda J. Lay health worker involvement in evidence-based treatment delivery: a conceptual model to address disparities in care. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2018;14:185208. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86.

Munetsi E, Simms V, Dzapasi L, Chapoterera G, Goba N, Gumunyu T, Weiss HA, Verhey R, Abas M, Araya R, Chibanda D. Trained lay health workers reduce common mental disorder symptoms of adults with suicidal ideation in Zimbabwe: a cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:227. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87.

Rahman A, Hamdani SU, Awan NR, Bryant RA, Dawson KS, Khan MF, Azeemi MMUH, Akhtar P, Nazir H, Chiumento A, Sijbrandij M, Wang D, Farooq S, van Ommeren M. Effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention in adults impaired by psychological distress in a conflict-affected area of Pakistan: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2016;316:26092617. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88.

Khan MN, Dherani M, Chiumento A, Atif N, Bristow K, Sikander S, Rahman A. Evaluating feasibility and acceptability of a local psycho-educational intervention for pregnant women with common mental problems affected by armed conflict in swat, Pakistan: a parallel randomized controlled feasibility trial. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2017;63:724735. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89.

Bass J, Murray SM, Mohammed TA, Bunn M, Gorman W, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a trauma-informed support, skills, and psychoeducation intervention for survivors of torture and related trauma in Kurdistan, northern Iraq. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2016;4:452466. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90.

Weobong B, Weiss HA, McDaid D, Singla DR, Hollon SD, Nadkarni A, Park AL, Bhat B, Katti B, Anand A, Dimidjian S, Araya R, King M, Vijayakumar L, Wilson GT, Velleman R, Kirkwood BR, Fairburn CG, Patel V. Sustained effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the healthy activity Programme, a brief psychological treatment for depression delivered by lay counsellors in primary care: 12-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002385. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91.

Patel V, Weobong B, Weiss HA, Anand A, Bhat B, Katti B, Dimidjian S, Araya R, Hollon SD, King M, Vijayakumar L, Park AL, McDaid D, Wilson T, Velleman R, Kirkwood BR, Fairburn CG. The healthy activity program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389:176185. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92.

Cluver L, Meinck F, Yakubovich A, Doubt J, Redfern A, Ward C, Salah N, de Stone S, Petersen T, Mpimpilashe P, Romero RH, Ncobo L, Lachman J, Tsoanyane S, Shenderovich Y, Loening H, Byrne J, Sherr L, Kaplan L, Gardner F. Reducing child abuse amongst adolescents in low-and middle-income countries: a pre-post trial in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:567. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93.

Weiss WM, Murray LK, Zangana GAS, Mahmooth Z, Kaysen D, Dorsey S, Lindgren K, Gross A, Murray SMI, Bass JK, Bolton P. Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in southern Iraq: a randomized control trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:249. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94.

Cilliers J, Dube O, Siddiqi B. Reconciling after civil conflict increases social capital but decreases individual well-being. Science. 2016;352:787794. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96.

University of Colorado Boulders Center for the Study of Prevention and Violence. Building Healthy Youth Development Registry. https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/. Accessed on December 1, 2018.

97.

Brown EC, Graham JW, Hawkins JD, Arthur MW, Baldwin MM, Oesterle S, Briney JS, Catalano RF, Abbott RD. Design and analysis of the community youth development study longitudinal cohort sample. Eval Rev. 2009;33:311334. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98.

Fagan AA, Hanson K, Hawkins JD, Arthur M. Translational research in action: implementation of the communities that care prevention system in 12 communities. J Community Psychol. 2009;37:809829. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99.

Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Arthur MW, Egan E, Brown EC, Abbott RD, Murray DM. Testing communities that care: the rationale, design and behavioral baseline equivalence of the community youth development study. Prev Sci. 2008;9:178190. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100.

Feinberg ME, Greenberg MT, Osgood DW, Sartorius J, Bontempo D. Effects of the communities that care model in Pennsylvania on youth risk and problem behaviors. Prev Sci. 2007;8:261270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101.

Feinberg ME, Jones D, Greenberg MT, Osgood DW, Bontempo D. Effects of the communities that care model in Pennsylvania on change in adolescent risk and problem behaviors. Prev Sci. 2010;11:163171. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103.

Oesterle S, Kuklinski MR, Hawkins JD, Skinner ML, Guttmannova K, Rhew IC. Long-term effects of the communities that care trial on substance use, antisocial behavior, and violence through age 21 years. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:659665. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104.

Oesterle S, Hawkins JD, Kuklinski MR, Fagan AA, Fleming C, Rhew IC, Brown EC, Abbott RD, Catalano RF. Effects of communities that care on males and females drug use and delinquency 9 years after baseline in a community-randomized trial. Am J Community Psychol. 2015;56:217228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105.

Ljungqvist I, Topor A, Forssell H, Svensson I, Davidson L. Money and mental illness: a study of the relationship between poverty and serious psychological problems. Community Ment Health J. 2015;52:842850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106.

Buller AM, Hidrobo M, Peterman A, Heise L. The way to a mans heart is through his stomach?: a mixed methods study on causal mechanisms through which cash and in-kind food transfers decreased intimate partner violence. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:488. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107.

Kilburn K, Thirumurthy H, Halpern CT, Pettifor A, Handa S. Effects of a large-scale unconditional cash transfer program on mental health outcomes of young people in Kenya. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58:223229. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108.

Cluver LD, Orkin FM, Meinck F, Boyes ME, Yakubovich AR, Sherr L. Can social protection improve sustainable development goals for adolescent health? PLoS One. 2016;11:e0164808. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109.

Hidrobo M, Peterman A, Heise L. The effect of cash, vouchers, and food transfers on intimate partner violence: evidence from a randomized experiment in northern Ecuador. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2016;8:284303. [Google Scholar]

110.

South EC, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, MacDonald JM, Branas CC. Effect of greening vacant land on mental health of community-dwelling adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1:e180298. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111.

Warschburger P, Zitzmann J. The efficacy of a universal school-based prevention program for eating disorders among German adolescents: results from a randomized-controlled trial. J Youth Adolesc. 2018;47:13171331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112.

Kiviruusu O, Bjrklund K, Koskinen H-L, Liski A, Lindblom J, Kuoppamki H, Alasuvanto P, Ojala T, Samposalo H, Harmes N, Hemminki E, Punamki RL, Sund R, Santalahti P. Short-term effects of the together at school intervention program on childrens socio-emotional skills: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC psychology. 2016;4:27. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113.

Castillo EG, Chung B, Bromley E, Kataoka SH, Braslow JT, Essock SM, et al. Community, public policy, and recovery from mental illness: emerging research and initiatives. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2018;26:7081 Recent review on the roles that communities and public policies play in the definition and processes of recovery for adults with mental illness. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

115.

Cripps SN, Swartz MS. Update on assisted outpatient treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20:112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116.

Mason A, Goddard M, Weatherly H, Chalkley M. Integrating funds for health and social care: an evidence review. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2015;20:177188. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117.

Bao Y, McGuire TG, Chan Y-F, Eggman AA, Ryan AM, et al. Value-based payment in implementing evidence-based care: the mental health integration program in Washington state. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23:48. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118.

Castillo EG, Pincus HA, Smith TE, Miller G, Fish DG. New York state Medicaid reforms: opportunities and challenges to improve the health of those with serious mental illness. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:839852. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119.

Goldman ML, Spaeth-Rublee B, Nowels AD, Ramanuj PP, Pincus HA. Quality measures at the Interface of behavioral health and primary care. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:39. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120.

Perelman J, Chaves P, de Almeida JMC, Matias MA. Reforming the Portuguese mental health system: an incentive-based approach. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2018;12:25. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. New York State Office of Mental Health. New York State: Health and Recovery Plan (HARP) Adult Behavioral Health Home and Community Based Services (BH HCBS) Provider Manual. 2016.

129. Office of the Surgeon General. National Prevention Strategy: Americas Plan for Better Health and Wellness. 2011.

134.

Bromley E, Figueroa C, Castillo EG, Kadkhoda F, Chung B, Miranda J, Menon K, Whittington Y, Jones F, Wells KB, Kataoka SH. Community partnering for behavioral health equity: public agency and community leaders views of its promise and challenge. Ethn Dis. 2018;28:397406. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135.

Jones L, Wells K. Strategies for academic and clinician engagement in community-participatory partnered research. JAMA. 2007;297:407410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]